METHODS OF MEASURING HORIZONTAL DISTANCES Pacing -- accuracy 1 / 100 (1.0%) Involves direct measurement of distances with steel tapes consists of stretching a calibrated yape between 2 points and reading the distance 8ndicated on the tape. Optical measurement is inspection of measurement with the help of telescope and then calculations are solved using triangulation method to find out the distance. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. The average pace length may be taken as 80 cm. Linear distance measurement can be achieved by (1) direct comparison measurement with a tape, either fully New GPS units allow for a one person survey crew. Pacing Method: Pacing is the most ancient and basic ways of measuring a linear distance in surveying. It features direct point sampling and high accuracy of orientation;. distance between any two random points in 3D space. The measurement of distance is one of the fundamental operations in engineering surveying and the methods involved are divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Download chapter Abney Level for Measurement of Angles and Slope in Surveying Hand levels with more sophistication will form Abney levels. There are two categories of inaccuracy with EDM: a) per measurement (usually 1 mm to 5 mm per measurement) and. linear distance between two points on any horizontal surface if points are at different elevations, distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT , Generally, measurements are made horizontally, but on even, often man-made slopes the distance can be measured directly on the slope, but the vertical or zenith The design of LED light source and low power consumption, long service life of the battery;. 2.20) is found with the help of Abneys level or Thus, to calculate a distance represented on a map in chains, you would have to multiply by 66 to get the number of feet. (i) The distance along the slope is measured and then the angle of slope i.e. Here are the steps to use it: Enter the address or the city of the first location. INTRODUCTION TO DISTANCE MEASUREMENT HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. An electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves. To simplify the procedures to obtain accuracy in surveying, the electronic distance measuring method was introduced. These, then, are used in a variety of Survey Review: Vol. Direct linear measurements, as explained earlier in this chapter, are methods used for determining horizontal distances with a tape (or chain) and/or with an electronic distance Optical measurement methods: It is done with a Tacheometer, which Distance Measurement Pacing The ability to pace distance is very useful A person can determine their pace by counting the number of paces necessary to walk a distance that has been previously measured A pace is defined as one step A stride is consider two steps Distance Measurement Pacing CIVL 1101 Surveying - Measuring Distance 2/6 Only problem associated with GPS is the EDM instruments are highly reliable and convenient pieces of surveying equipment and can be used to measure distances of up to 100 kilometers. Horizontal distance. Measuring distance and angles with simple instruments involves two of the most common procedures used in agricultural surveying. Enter the address or the city of the second location. Methods For Measuring Distances Global Positioning System (GPS) Uses a system of satellites to transmit signals to a GPS unit which determines relative positions on the earth. angle between the sloping ground and the horizontal surface (Fig. This comprise of a direct reading scale for vertical angles and slope, stadia hairs and better optics and magnification. Electronic distance measurement (EDM) EDM is designed to make a measurement of distances of up to tens of kilometers. The cost of GPS has dropped from $250,000 five years ago to about $12,000 today. is modern developed surveying instrument by which we can measure the distance with very high accuracy. pacing. In this video of surveying, we will discuss direct methods and indirect methods of taking linear measurements. It involves walking in a straight path from point A to point B and counting the steps, Two disadvantages with the direct measurement of distance discussed in chapter 1 are, firstly, that the measuring process takes place on the ground (if the terrain is undulating this can be very difficult) and, secondly, when a lot of linear measurements are required, taping can be laborious and time consuming. Compared to hand level, the precision of slope calculation is better. Step: 0.5mm. As you can share your location, it will let you know easily how far you are in a straight line from any point of interest. In this chapter you will become acquainted with the basic methods and techniques of measuring distances. 3.1.3.1 Total Stations A total station is used for measuring both horizontal and zenith angles as well as slope distances. Surveyors are concerned with the measurement of vertical and horizontal distances and angles and, even more recently, with direct positioning. Specific surveying equipment is described below, along with its uses and any special precautions for its care. An azimuth is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a defined reference (typically geodetic north). The methods for linear surveying can be defined into three basic categories: Direct Measurement In this method, the distance is directly measured through the use of chains, DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Methods of measuring a horizontal distance: Tacheometry (Stadia), Taping, EDM and GPS Distance from stadia: (High wire Low wire) * 100 = Distance EDM & GPS are most common in todays survey Direct measurement Indirect measurement 10 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT As simple as ABC: The methods for linear surveying can be defined into three basic categories: Direct Measurement In this method, the distance is directly measured through the use of chains, tapes, and other types of surveying equipment. It is based on horizontal distance. Other than these, level staff which is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod needed to carry out optical measurement. (1965). 19-24. b. Vertical Distances and Angles Here the distance is measured with the help of electro-magnetic waves such as micro wave, infra red wave and other similar waves. 1. Here the electronic distance measuring equipment and a reflector are necessary to carry out the INDIRECT METHODS OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND A NEW RANGEFINDING DEVICE. What are methods of linear measurement of horizontal distance? Figure III-2. As a background, there are three methods of measuring distance between two points: DDM or Direct distance measurement This is mainly done by chaining or taping. ODM or Optical distance measurement This measurement is conducted by tacheometry, horizontal subtense method or telemetric method. 18, No. Horizontal distance and angle measurements are then used to calculate the position of a point on the horizontal plane. 135, pp. b) per distance (usually 1 to 5 parts per million). Breaking Tape. The method used for any particular job depends upon the nature of the ground, the range, the DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Linear measurement is the basis of all surveying and even through angles may be read precisely, the length of at least one line in tract must be measured to supplement the angles in locating points 8 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying observations consists of counting the number of steps or paces in required distance. When it comes to more modern land In surveying, the distance between two points is understood to mean the horizontal distance, regardless of the relative elevation of the two points. In addition, they also About 1 Minute After Stopping Operation, or Turn It off Manually. Measurement of shorter distances which are accumulated to total a full tape length. What is EDM? Distances may be measured by four methods: direct, optical, electromagnetic or GPS. However, the surveyor should standardise his pace length by The common method of determining The method consists in walking over a line and counting the number of paces. survey measurement. Net Weight: 0.7kg. E.D.M. Even though the instruments are simple, a high degree of accuracy can be achieved with practice and careful work. most common method of measuring or layout horizontal distances. As a background, there are three methods of measuring distance between two points: DDM or Direct The instrument tacheometer is considered as important in this method. Direct measurement method: It includes the use of instruments like a chain, tape, a rrows, ranging rods, and offset rods. The direct method is the common method that employs a chain, tape or any other instrument to measure the linear distance. Various methods coming under the direct method of linear measurement are: 1. Pacing We can achieve accuracy up to 5 mm per Km.
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